(1) http://iss.sagepub.com/content/7/1/35.abstract Visited on 11/21/13 at 1:01 pm
(2)
Chaudhry, I.S. (2009), "Poverty Alleviation in Southern Punjab (Pakistan): An Empirical Evidence from the Project Area of Asian Development Bank", International Research journal of Finance and Economics, issue 23, (2009).
(3) http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/education.shtml Visited on 11/21/13 at 1:16 pm
(4) Weiss, Anita "Moving forward with the legal empowerment of women in Pakistan", Washington, DC : U.S. Institute of Peach 2002. Page 11
(5) http://www.fao.org/sd/WPdirect/WPre0111.htm Visited on 11/21/13 at 1:30 pm
(6) http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pakistan-woman-in-running-to-become-first-3-star-general/845360/ Visited on 11/21/13 at 1:46 pm
(7) http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/army.htm Visited on 11/21/13 at 2:02 pm
(8) http://storyofpakistan.com/begum-raana-liaquat-ali-khan/ Visited on 11/21/13 at 2:30 pm
(9) http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/july/shahida.htm Visited on 11/21/13 at 2:45 pm
(10) http://www.aaa.org.pk/index.php/site/organization Visited on 11/21/13 at 3:00 pm
(11) http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2000/women_pakistan.pdf Visited on 11/21/13 at 4:00 pm
(12) http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/Pakistan/Local_Customs-Pakistan-Clothing-BR-1.html Visited on 11/21/13 at 4:06 pm
(13) http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.arberry/17:105 Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:00 pm
(14) http://dawn.com/news/362692/rubab-set-to-become-first-pakistani-in-olympic-pool Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:04 pm
(15) http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/sport/08-pakistan-grab-judo-gold-cycling-silver-at-sag-ts-0 Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:10 pm
(16) http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C02%5C09%5Cstory_9-2-2010_pg2_3 Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:16 pm
(17) http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-18/indians-abroad/27850544_1_presenter-awards-indian-high-commission Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:20 pm
(18) http://myhero.com/go/hero.asp?hero=PR_fauzia_wins_peace_award Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:24 pm
(19) http://www.bapsisidhwa.com/biography.htm Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:27 pm
(20) http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-zardari-signs-women-prot-bill-qs-08 Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:30 pm
(21) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4499028.stm Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:45 pm
(22) http://www.rferl.org/content/pakistan-swat-jirga-marry-off-6-year-old-girl-feud/24764045.html Visited on 11/22/13 at 2:00 pm
(23) http://ansarburney.org/womens_rights-vani.html Visited on 11/23/13 at 1:00 pm
(24) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6148590.stm Visited on 11/23/13 at 2:00 pm
(25) http://www.cambodianacidsurvivorscharity.org/docs/breaking_the_silence.pdf Visited on 11/23/13 at 2:15 pm
(26) http://cgi.unc.edu/uploads/media_items/it-was-like-burning-in-hell-a-comparative-exploration-of-acid-attack-violence.original.pdf Visited on 11/23/13 at 2:30 pm
(27) http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/spring2002/swanson.php Visited on 11/23/13 at 2:45 pm
(28) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305417906001641 Visited on 11/23/13 at 3:00 pm
(29) http://www.acidviolence.org/uploads/files/Uganda_ASFU_Situational_Analysis_Report_FINAL_Nov2011_1.pdf Visited on 11/23/13 at 3:00 pm
(30) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305417905002597 Visited on 11/23/13 at 5:00 pm
(31) http://www.iwraw-ap.org/aboutus/pdf/FPvaw.pdf Visited on 11/23/13 at 5:10 pm
(32) http://www.islam-watch.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=493 Visited at 11/23/13 at 5:30 pm
(33) http://northfieldpatriot.blogspot.com/2010/03/fighting-acid-attacks-in-pakistan-are.html Visited at 11/23/13 at 6:00 pm
(34) http://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/pakistani-woman-says-she-was-trafficked--gang-raped-after-juice-was-spiked-in-dubai-042513860.html Visited at 11/23/13 at 7:10 pm
(35) http://www.crvawc.ca/docs/pub_khan2001.pdf Visited at 11/24/13 at 3:00 pm
(36) http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142761.htm Visited at 11/24/13 at 4:49 pm
Friday, November 29, 2013
Final essay draft
Pakistan is a patriarchal
society, which means the male heads the family. (1) This is seen
throughout history because it is the male who is considered the “breadwinner”
and works diligently outside of the home as the woman remains at home caring for
the family and doing work that is considered to be less important than the
male’s. However, as Pakistan modernizes, the role of women in some
aspects of Pakistani society is increasing. Even though the importance of
women in Pakistan is increasing in some aspects of society, they still face
discrimination and mistreatment from males. As society modernizes, the
role of women in Pakistan is slowly increasing in importance.
Education
is important for society because it allows women to be considered equal to men
in social aspects because they are able to provide more information regarding
their opinions, which allows their role to increase in importance. It is
also important because it allows them to have self-respect. It allows
women to participate in policies by being able to voice their opinions.
Education also increases productivity, so the economy will improve.
It is important for women to become educated because it can improve
social and financial status in a community and, therefore, result in gender
equality. In his research, Chaudhry studied causes that contribute to the
rural poverty of Pakistan and concluded that increasing female education would
provide employment opportunities and reject poverty. (2) This employment
due to education would ensure women’s welfare and increase the overall
productivity to the workforce. This is why the gender inequality of
education in Pakistan is alarming. Attempts are being made to eliminate
these gender inequalities through the Millennium Development Goals. (3)
Although some aspects of Pakistani women's situation in society are becoming
better, there are still threats to their civil rights. According to Anita
Weiss in her book, "Women no longer risk being charged with a crime for
being raped, and efforts are under way to ensure that women can travel to and
be employed at workplaces without major harassment. But terrorists
continue to attack girls' schools and seek to limit women's actions and rights
in very violent ways". (4) It was agreed the improvement of women’s
education is essential for development and progress of society that both women
and men are educated. If the role of women of Pakistan continues to be
considered unimportant, the economy of Pakistan is harmed. With this
knowledge, and as society modernizes, the role of women in Pakistan slowly
increase in importance.
In
Pakistan, women actually play a very important role because their role in
society has increased in importance. In various surveys, however, their
contribution is grossly underreported. This is why the 1991-92 Labor
Force Survey only showed 16% of women work, but this survey believes women
actually contribute somewhere between 30-40%. It also stated that the
highest percentage of employed persons is in the agriculture and allied
industries, especially in rural areas. According to this SDdimesnsions
website where the survey was mentioned, “the proportion of the persons engaged
in the agricultural sector is higher among rural women (79.4%) as compared to
rural men (60.8%).” (5) Even though Pakistani women have a large
contribution to the labor force, and their status is increasing, there are
still struggles with gender inequality. However, as society is
modernizing, women are able to work outside of the home indicating the status
of Pakistani women to be rising slowly due to their labor contribution.
This
is not the only way in which Pakistani women are able to contribute to
society. In many Islamic countries, women are not able to serve in the
armed forces. In Pakistan, women are not only able to enlist to become a
soldier, but they can become appointed in high ranking assignments and the
general officer ranks and perform military duties in various operations.
(6) Since 1947, which is after the establishment of Pakistan, women have
been taking a part in the military. (7) In 1948, Begum Ra’ana started the
women’s voluntary service to support medical and logistics for the Pakistani Armed
Forces. This developed into the Pakistan Army Corps of Medical.
General Frank Messervy dismissed their attempts at combat training,
however. As a response, Begum Ra’ana developed the Pakistan Army Women
National Guard, thus allowing women to contribute to the Pakistan Army.
(8) However, in the 20th century, women could not participate in active
duty combat operations, but they were deployed in hostile areas to support
logistics and medical operations. Although they were limited in their
contributions to the armed forces initially, this changed as time passed.
They were able to advance in their rank. In 2002, a woman by the
name of Shahida Malik was promoted to a two-star rank and was the first woman
Major General and first general officer commanding of the Pakistan Army Medical
Corps. (9) Also, Major-General Shahida Badsha is the first female
colonel-commandant of the Army Medical College and is in line of promotion to
be promoted to first female Lieutenant General, which is a three-star rank
officer. (10) As one can see by studying women’s role in the army, the
role of Pakistani women in society is increasing as time progresses.
Even
though Pakistani women are able to achieve high ranking positions in the army,
women are still considered inferior to men because the society of Pakistan is
patriarchal, which means it is headed by men. Men head nearly ninety
percent of Pakistani households, while most female-headed households belong to
the poor strata of society. (2) Women will lack ownership of resources that
should belong to them. This is because even though they have rights to
own and inherit property from their families, very few women have access and
control over their property due to the patriarchal view of society that
controls Pakistan. (11) Although women’s’ status is increasing in other
aspects of society, such as participation in the military and work force and a
slow increase in literacy rate and education, property rights do not seem to be
increasing for the women of Pakistan. Because their status is not
increasing in this aspect of society, the role of women in regards to land and
property ownership is low.
The
religious practice of Islam could contribute to these feelings of property
rights. Even though Pakistan is a country that is founded on Islam, there
are no laws that enforce the hijab. Surveys conducted in Pakistan show
that a majority of the women due so of their own choice. (12) However,
the traditional clothes of Pakistan are called the Shalwar Kameez, which covers
their arms, legs, and body. In the Islamic regions of Pakistan, a loose
dupatta scarf is worn around the shoulders, upper chest, and head because
showing one’s hair is considered rude. Although men have a similar
outfit, only the women are expected to wear the veil in public. (12)
Compared to the women of other countries, such as the United States, Pakistani
women have considerably less freedom in the choices they are able to make for
clothing style. Even Pakistani men do not have to cover their bodies as
much as the women do. This clothing style reflects Islamic religious
beliefs; however, because women do not have as much freedom as men in their
choices, this could show how sexism against women still prevails in the Islamic
portions of Pakistan. This sexism is obvious even though the Koran states
how men and women are equal in both creation and the afterlife. (13) In
regards to dress code, women have a lower status than men in Pakistani society.
Even
though women have less liberty than men when considering clothing style, they
have gained considerable freedom in regards to athletics. As time
advances, the role of Pakistani women in society increases in the area of
sports. In 1996, two women by the names of Shaiza and Sharmeen Khan tried
to introduce women’s cricket in Pakistan. When they initially tried this,
the response involved court cases and death threats. In 1997, the
government refused to let them play against India and made a ruling that
prohibited women to play sports in public. On January 28th, 1997, they
were granted permission, so the Pakistani women’s cricket team played its first
recorded match against New Zealand. In the 2,000 Olympics in Sydney,
Australia, Shazia Hidayat was the only female athlete on the Pakistani team and
became the second woman to ever represent Pakistan in an Olympic event.
(14) Another woman by the name of Sidra Sadaf was a woman cyclist who won
a silver medal at the 11th South Asian Games in Dhaka, Bangladesh in January
2010. (15) Also, Naseem Hameed became the fastest woman sprinter in South
Asia following the 2010 South Asian games. (16) As time progresses, the
role of women in Pakistani society, in regards to sports, increases.
Pakistani
women have also become more involved in arts and entertainment. There are
many female singers and actresses now. Nazia Hassan is the name of an
iconic female Pakistani pop singer. (17) Not only are the women of
Pakistan able to become involved in the field of arts and entertainment, but
also they are capable of acquiring awards. For example, Fauzia Minallah
is the first and youngest woman political cartoonist to win the All Pakistan
Newspaper Society award and also won the Ron Kovic Peace prize. (18)
There are also many Pakistani women who have become involved in literature.
Bapsi Sidhwa is one of Pakistan’s most prominent English fiction writers.
In 1991, she received Sitara-i-Imtiaz, which is Pakistan’s highest honor
in arts. (19) As time progresses, women are able to become more involved
in the areas of arts, entertainment, and literature and are able to obtain
awards. The role of women in Pakistani society is considerably important
and valuable in this aspect.
In
regards to these aspects of society, it can be seen how women’s roles are
increasing in some areas but remaining the same in others. When observing
the treatment of women, one can conclude that Pakistani women are not always
treated with respect and abuse is more likely to be seen in Pakistan than in
other countries. Thankfully, there is legislation for the protection of
women. For example, on January 29, 2010, the President signed the
‘Protection against the Harassment of Women at Workplace Bill 2009’.
Parliament then adopted this legislation on January 21, 2010. (20)
There are several violent acts that can be witnessed in Pakistani society
against the women. For example, ‘Vani’ is the name of the child marriage
practice that is found in the tribal areas and the Punjab province. If
there is a feud between different clans, a clan can either pay money to the other
clan, called a ‘Deet’, or a young girl is married off in order to settle the
feud. (21) There are also other customs that the marriage of girls in
their early teenage years in the rural areas of Pakistan. In 2012, there
was an extreme case in which a girl of the age of six was married off to a
rival family in order to resolve the feuds between two different clans.
(22) The Child Marriages Restraint Act prohibits the marriage of girls
under 16; however, cases of child marriage are still found. (23) Child
marriage is not the only occurrence in Pakistan in which the rights of women
are violated.
Not
only is one able to witness the rights of Pakistani women being violated, but
also one can see that violence against women is a major problem. The most
common crimes against women are rape; however, it often goes underreported
because the victim is often too ashamed to report it. Also, there are
many cases of sexual harassment and acid attacks. (24) Acid attacks are a
major problem against Pakistani women. This violent act of acid throwing
involves throwing acid onto the body of another person “with the intention to
disfigure, maim, torture, or kill.” (25) Usually, sulfuric, nitric, or
hydrochloric acid is used. (26) The person who throws acid onto his
victim will usually throw it at the victim’s face, which burns them and damages
skin tissue, which then results in exposing and sometimes dissolving the bones.
(27) The long-term consequences include blindness, permanent scarring of
the face and body, and can result in social, psychological, and economic
difficulties. (25) There are many medical problems that result from this
practice of mistreating women. This list is extensive because the acid is
aimed at the face. (28) Such medical damage includes, but is not limited
to, damage to the skull, deafness due to destroyed ear cartilage, blindness,
nostrils may close off due to cartilage damage, eating can become difficult
with a shrunken and narrow mouth, limited range of motion of the neck due to
scarring, respiratory problems due to the inhalation of acid vapors,
septicemia, renal failure, skin depigmentation, and even death. (29)
During recovery, they face problems with mental health. They have higher
levels of anxiety, depression, and have higher psychological distress because
of their appearance. Also, according to the Rosenberg scale, they have
lowered self-esteem and increased self-consciousness. (30) Women
suffering from acid throwing find it difficult to find a husband and have a
high divorce rate. They also struggle to find jobs because of their
physical incapability their bodies have endured from the damage from the acid.
They are thus wounded socially and economically. (31) There are
about 150 acid throwing incidences every year. (32) There are charities,
hospitals, and NGOs that are fighting this horrific crime against women.
The names include the Acid Survivors Foundation, Italian Smileagain
Foundation, the Depilex Smile Again Foundation, and the Baktawar Amin Memorial
Trust Hospital. (33) Thankfully, there are organizations that help to
protect the rights of women in Pakistan.
Another
violation of women in Pakistani society is human trafficking.
Specifically, forced labor and prostitution are the largest human trafficking
problems and is most commonly seen in the Punjab Sindh province. Dubai is
the main destination of trafficked Pakistani women, where they are often gang
raped. (34) Unfortunately, the trafficking of women is on the rise in
Pakistan and is a popular destination for trafficked women from other
countries. (35) Although the government of Pakistan is trying to combat
human trafficking, there were no criminal convictions of trafficking offenders,
and it continues to lack adequate procedures to identify trafficking victims
among vulnerable populations and protect these victims. (36) Although
there are federal and provincial government shelters, there are reports of
women being abused in some government-run shelters. These shelters are
also not always in good conditions. (36) Pakistani women’s inferiority in
society can be seen by how they are treated by human traffickers.
As
time modernizes, the role of women in Pakistan slowly increases in importance.
Although it is modernizing, the women of Pakistan have considerably less
rights than males due to the predominantly patriarchal social hierarchy.
For this very reason, they also experience mistreatment and
discrimination. Even though their role in society is considerably lower
than males, their status is slowly increasing. Education is an important
aspect of increasing the status of women in Pakistani society. The
literacy rate of the women is considerably lower than the males, but it is also
increasing which will help the economy by increasing both the labor force and
productivity. Women play a very important role in regards to their
contribution to labor, even though the exact percentages of how much women
contribute to the economy is not certain because it is not accurately reported.
Women also have an increasing importance in regards to the role they have
in the military. They are able to become involved in the military and
earn positions as high-ranking officers. As time progresses, they are
able to contribute more. Women’s privileges in regards to property and
land ownership and often violated because of male’s views of superiority that
allows them to take advantage of the women; therefore, women have very few
rights in this aspect of society. This is not the only aspect of society
in which women have fewer rights than men. They do not have as much
liberty as men do in their clothing choices and are expected to cover more of
their bodies than men are required. Women have an increased participation
rate in sports, arts, entertainment, and literature. Although the
government is increasing its involvement to stop the violent mistreatment of
women, they still face horrible violence and offences. Such examples
include vani, or child marriages, rape, sexual harassment, acid attacks, and
human trafficking. Although some of the women of Pakistan face horrible
and violent forms of mistreatment and endure their rights not always being
protected, they are still slowly rising in status with their role in society,
which is improving as time progresses; therefore, the status of women in
Pakistani society increases as time progresses.
Thursday, November 21, 2013
Rough Outline
Here is the rough outline of my final paper regarding the topic of
women's role in Pakistani society:
Introduction-
Pakistan is a patriarchal
society, which means the male heads the family.
This is seen throughout history because it is the male who is considered
the “breadwinner” and works diligently outside of the home as the woman remains
at home caring for the family and doing work that is considered to be less
important than the male’s. However, as
Pakistan modernizes, the role of women in some aspects of Pakistani society is
increasing. Even though the importance
of women in Pakistan is increasing in some aspects of society, they still face
discrimination and mistreatment from males.
As society modernizes, the role of women in Pakistan is slowly
increasing in importance.
Thematic Statement-
As society modernizes, the role of women in Pakistan is slowly increasing in importance.
Paragraph 1: Education
2: Employment
3: Military
4: Land and property rights
5: Dress code
6: Sports
7: Art, entertainment, and literature
8: Vani/Child marriages
9: Acid throwing
10: Human trafficking
2: Employment
3: Military
4: Land and property rights
5: Dress code
6: Sports
7: Art, entertainment, and literature
8: Vani/Child marriages
9: Acid throwing
10: Human trafficking
Conclusion-
As time
modernizes, the role of women in Pakistan slowly increases in importance. Although it is modernizing, the women of
Pakistan have considerably less rights than males due to the predominantly patriarchal
social hierarchy. For this very reason,
they also experience mistreatment and discrimination. Even though their role in society is
considerably lower than males, their status is slowly increasing. Education is an important aspect of
increasing the status of women in Pakistani society. The literacy rate of the women is
considerably lower than the males, but it is also increasing which will help
the economy by increasing both the labor force and productivity. Women play a very important role in regards
to their contribution to labor, even though the exact percentages of how much
women contribute to the economy is not certain because it is not accurately
reported. Women also have an increasing
importance in regards to the role they have in the military. They are able to become involved in the
military and earn positions as high-ranking officers. As time progresses, they are able to
contribute more. Women’s privileges in
regards to property and land ownership and often violated because of male’s
views of superiority that allows them to take advantage of the women;
therefore, women have very few rights in this aspect of society. This is not the only aspect of society in
which women have fewer rights than men. They do not have as much liberty as men do in
their clothing choices and are expected to cover more of their bodies than men
are required. Women have an increased participation
rate in sports, arts, entertainment, and literature. Although the government is increasing its
involvement to stop the violent mistreatment of women, they still face horrible
violence and offences. Such examples
include vani, or child marriages, rape, sexual harassment, acid attacks, and
human trafficking. Although some of the
women of Pakistan face horrible and violent forms of mistreatment and endure
their rights not always being protected, they are still slowly rising in status
with their role in society, which is improving as time progresses; therefore,
the status of women in Pakistani society increases as time progresses.
Sources I have found so far-
(1) http://iss.sagepub.com/content/7/1/35.abstract Visited on 11/21/13 at 1:01 pm
(2) http://www.fao.org/sd/WPdirect/WPre0111.htm Visited on 11/21/13 at 1:05 pm
(3-)
Chaudhry, I.S. (2009), "Poverty Alleviation in Southern Punjab (Pakistan): An Empirical Evidence from the Project Area of Asian Development Bank", International Research journal of Finance and Economics, issue 23, (2009).
(4) http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/education.shtml Visited on 11/21/13 at 1:16 pm
(5) http://www.fao.org/sd/WPdirect/WPre0111.htm Visited on 11/21/13 at 1:30 pm
(6) http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pakistan-woman-in-running-to-become-first-3-star-general/845360/ Visited on 11/21/13 at 1:46 pm
(7) http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/army.htm Visited on 11/21/13 at 2:02 pm
(8) http://storyofpakistan.com/begum-raana-liaquat-ali-khan/ Visited on 11/21/13 at 2:30 pm
(9) http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/july/shahida.htm Visited on 11/21/13 at 2:45 pm
(10) http://www.aaa.org.pk/index.php/site/organization Visited on 11/21/13 at 3:00 pm
(11) http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2000/women_pakistan.pdf Visited on 11/21/13 at 4:00 pm
(12) http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/Pakistan/Local_Customs-Pakistan-Clothing-BR-1.html Visited on 11/21/13 at 4:06 pm
(13) http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.arberry/17:105 Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:00 pm
(14) http://dawn.com/news/362692/rubab-set-to-become-first-pakistani-in-olympic-pool Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:04 pm
(15) http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/sport/08-pakistan-grab-judo-gold-cycling-silver-at-sag-ts-0 Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:10 pm
(16) http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C02%5C09%5Cstory_9-2-2010_pg2_3 Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:16 pm
(17) http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-18/indians-abroad/27850544_1_presenter-awards-indian-high-commission Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:20 pm
(18) http://myhero.com/go/hero.asp?hero=PR_fauzia_wins_peace_award Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:24 pm
(19) http://www.bapsisidhwa.com/biography.htm Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:27 pm
(20) http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/04-zardari-signs-women-prot-bill-qs-08 Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:30 pm
(21) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4499028.stm Visited on 11/22/13 at 1:45 pm
(22) http://www.rferl.org/content/pakistan-swat-jirga-marry-off-6-year-old-girl-feud/24764045.html Visited on 11/22/13 at 2:00 pm
(23) http://ansarburney.org/womens_rights-vani.html Visited on 11/23/13 at 1:00 pm
(24) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6148590.stm Visited on 11/23/13 at 2:00 pm
(25) http://www.cambodianacidsurvivorscharity.org/docs/breaking_the_silence.pdf Visited on 11/23/13 at 2:15 pm
(26) http://cgi.unc.edu/uploads/media_items/it-was-like-burning-in-hell-a-comparative-exploration-of-acid-attack-violence.original.pdf Visited on 11/23/13 at 2:30 pm
(27) http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~epihc/currentissue/spring2002/swanson.php Visited on 11/23/13 at 2:45 pm
(28) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305417906001641 Visited on 11/23/13 at 3:00 pm
(29) http://www.acidviolence.org/uploads/files/Uganda_ASFU_Situational_Analysis_Report_FINAL_Nov2011_1.pdf Visited on 11/23/13 at 3:00 pm
(30) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305417905002597 Visited on 11/23/13 at 5:00 pm
(31) http://www.iwraw-ap.org/aboutus/pdf/FPvaw.pdf Visited on 11/23/13 at 5:10 pm
(32) http://www.islam-watch.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=493 Visited at 11/23/13 at 5:30 pm
(33) http://northfieldpatriot.blogspot.com/2010/03/fighting-acid-attacks-in-pakistan-are.html Visited at 11/23/13 at 6:00 pm
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