Table of Contents
1: Education
1: Education
2: Employment
3: Military
4: Land and property rights
5: Dress code
6: Sports
7: Art, entertainment, and literature
8: Vani/Child marriages
9: Acid throwing
10: Human trafficking
3: Military
4: Land and property rights
5: Dress code
6: Sports
7: Art, entertainment, and literature
8: Vani/Child marriages
9: Acid throwing
10: Human trafficking
Thematic Statement- Although the role of Pakistani women has increased in many different aspects of society, they still struggle for equality in how they are treated.
Introduction:
Pakistan is a patriarchal society, which means the male heads the family (1). This is seen throughout history because it is the male who is considered the “breadwinner”and works diligently outside of the home as the woman remains at home caring for the family and doing work that is considered to be less important than the male’s. However, as Pakistan modernizes, the role of women in some aspects of Pakistani society is increasing. Even though the importance of women in Pakistan is increasing in some aspects of society, they still face discrimination and mistreatment from males. In order for the status of Pakistani women to increase, a higher emphasis must be placed on education because a higher literacy rate will encourage an increase in both the labor force and productivity, which will improve the economy. Pakistani women are not given enough credit for their contribution to the labor force. Even though they are not credited for their diligence, they are respected in regards to their role in the military. They are able to achieve high rankings in the military; however, their property rights are constantly violated. They also do not have as many choices in clothing style. They do have more opportunities in sports, arts, entertainment, and literature, however. The treatment of these women in regards to punishment is horrible and includes vani, or child marriages, rape, sexual harassment, acid attacks, and human trafficking. Although the role of Pakistani women has increased in many different aspects of society, they still struggle for equality in how they are treated.1. Education:
Education is important for society because it allows women to be considered equal to men in social aspects because women are able to provide more information regarding their opinions, which allows their role to increase in importance. Education is also important because it allows women to have self-respect. It allows women to participate in policies by being able to voice their opinions. Education also increases productivity, so the economy will improve. It is important for women to become educated because it can improve social and financial status in a community and, therefore, result in gender equality. In his research, Chaudhry studied causes that contribute to the rural poverty of Pakistan, and he concluded that increasing female education would provide employment opportunities and reject poverty (2). This employment due to education would ensure women’s welfare and increase the overall productivity in the workforce.
This is why the gender inequality of education in Pakistan is alarming. Attempts are being made to eliminate these gender inequalities through the Millennium Development Goals (3). Although some aspects of Pakistani women's situation in society are becoming better, there are still threats to their civil rights. According to Anita Weiss in her book, "Women no longer risk being charged with a crime for being raped, and efforts are under way to ensure that women can travel to and be employed at workplaces without major harassment. But terrorists continue to attack girls' schools and seek to limit women's actions and rights in very violent ways" (4). It was agreed the improvement of women’s education is essential for the development and progress of society. If the role of women of Pakistan continues to be considered unimportant, the economy of Pakistan will be harmed. With this knowledge, the role of women in Pakistan will slowly increase in importance.
This is why the gender inequality of education in Pakistan is alarming. Attempts are being made to eliminate these gender inequalities through the Millennium Development Goals (3). Although some aspects of Pakistani women's situation in society are becoming better, there are still threats to their civil rights. According to Anita Weiss in her book, "Women no longer risk being charged with a crime for being raped, and efforts are under way to ensure that women can travel to and be employed at workplaces without major harassment. But terrorists continue to attack girls' schools and seek to limit women's actions and rights in very violent ways" (4). It was agreed the improvement of women’s education is essential for the development and progress of society. If the role of women of Pakistan continues to be considered unimportant, the economy of Pakistan will be harmed. With this knowledge, the role of women in Pakistan will slowly increase in importance.
2. Employment:
In Pakistan, women actually play a very important role. In various surveys, however, their contribution is grossly underreported. This is why the 1991-92 Labor Force Survey only showed 16% of women work, but this survey believes women actually contribute somewhere between 30-40%. Furthermore, this survey stated that the highest percentage of employed persons is in the agriculture and allied industries, especially in rural areas. According to this SDdimesnsions website where the survey was mentioned, “the proportion of the persons engaged in the agricultural sector is higher among rural women (79.4%) as compared to rural men (60.8%)” (5). Even though Pakistani women have a large contribution to the labor force, and their status is increasing, there are still struggles with gender inequality. However, as society is modernizing, women are able to work outside of the home, which indicates the status of Pakistani women to be rising slowly due to their labor contribution.
3. Military:
Employment is not the only way in which Pakistani women are able to contribute to society. In many Islamic countries, women are not able to serve in the armed forces. In Pakistan, women are not only able to enlist to become a soldier, but they can become appointed in high ranking assignments and the general officer ranks and perform military duties in various operations (6). Since 1947, which is after the establishment of Pakistan, women have been taking a part in the military (7). In 1948, Begum Ra’ana started the women’s voluntary service to support medical and logistics for the Pakistani Armed Forces. This developed into the Pakistan Army Corps of Medical. General Frank Messervy then dismissed women's attempts at combat training. As a response, Begum Ra’ana developed the Pakistan Army Women National Guard, thus allowing women to contribute to the Pakistan Army (8). However, in the 20th century, women could not participate in active duty combat operations, but they were deployed in hostile areas to support logistics and medical operations.
Although they were limited in their contributions to the armed forces initially, this changed as time passed. Women were able to advance in their rank. In 2002, a woman by the name of Shahida Malik was promoted to a two-star rank and was the first woman Major General and first general officer commanding of the Pakistan Army Medical Corps (9). Also, Major-General Shahida Badsha is the first female colonel-commandant of the Army Medical College and is in line of promotion to be promoted to first female Lieutenant General, which is a three-star rank officer (10). As one can see by studying women’s role in the army, the role of Pakistani women in society is increasing as time progresses.
Although they were limited in their contributions to the armed forces initially, this changed as time passed. Women were able to advance in their rank. In 2002, a woman by the name of Shahida Malik was promoted to a two-star rank and was the first woman Major General and first general officer commanding of the Pakistan Army Medical Corps (9). Also, Major-General Shahida Badsha is the first female colonel-commandant of the Army Medical College and is in line of promotion to be promoted to first female Lieutenant General, which is a three-star rank officer (10). As one can see by studying women’s role in the army, the role of Pakistani women in society is increasing as time progresses.
4. Land and property rights:
Even though Pakistani women are able to achieve high ranking positions in the army, women are still considered inferior to men because the society of Pakistan is patriarchal, which means it is headed by men. Women will lack ownership of resources that should belong to them. This is because even though they have rights to own and inherit property from their families, very few women have access and control over their property due to the patriarchal view of society that controls Pakistan (11). Although women’s status is increasing in other aspects of society, such as participation in the military and work force and a slow increase in literacy rate and education, property rights do not seem to be increasing for the women of Pakistan. Because their status is not increasing in this aspect of society, the role of women in regards to land and property ownership is low.
5. Dress Code:
The religious practice of Islam could contribute to these feelings of property rights. Property rights are not the only aspect of daily living that is influenced by Islam. Even though Pakistan is a country that is founded on Islam, there are no laws that enforce the hijab. Surveys conducted in Pakistan show that a majority of the women do so of their own choice (12). However, the traditional clothes of Pakistan are called the Shalwar Kameez, which covers women's arms, legs, and body. In the Islamic regions of Pakistan, a loose dupatta scarf is worn around the shoulders, upper chest, and head because showing hair is considered rude. Although men have a similar outfit, only the women are expected to wear the veil in public (12).
Compared to the women of other countries, such as the United States, Pakistani women have considerably less freedom in the choices they are able to make for clothing style. Pakistani men do not have to cover their bodies as much as the women. This clothing style reflects Islamic religious beliefs; however, because women do not have as much freedom as men in their choices, this could show how sexism against women still prevails in the Islamic portions of Pakistan. This sexism is obvious even though the Koran states how men and women are equal in both creation and the afterlife (13). In regards to dress code, women have a lower status than men in Pakistani society.
Compared to the women of other countries, such as the United States, Pakistani women have considerably less freedom in the choices they are able to make for clothing style. Pakistani men do not have to cover their bodies as much as the women. This clothing style reflects Islamic religious beliefs; however, because women do not have as much freedom as men in their choices, this could show how sexism against women still prevails in the Islamic portions of Pakistan. This sexism is obvious even though the Koran states how men and women are equal in both creation and the afterlife (13). In regards to dress code, women have a lower status than men in Pakistani society.
6. Sports:
Even though women have less liberty than men when considering clothing style, they have gained considerable freedom in regards to athletics. As time advances, the role of Pakistani women in society increases in the area of sports. In 1996, two women by the names of Shaiza and Sharmeen Khan tried to introduce women’s cricket in Pakistan. When they initially tried this, the response involved court cases and death threats. In 1997, the government refused to let them play against India and made a ruling that prohibited women to play sports in public. On January 28th, 1997, they were granted permission, so the Pakistani women’s cricket team played its first recorded match against New Zealand.
In the 2,000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia, Shazia Hidayat was the only female athlete on the Pakistani team and became the second woman to ever represent Pakistan in an Olympic event (14). Another woman by the name of Sidra Sadaf was a woman cyclist who won a silver medal at the 11th South Asian Games in Dhaka, Bangladesh in January 2010 (15). Also, Naseem Hameed became the fastest woman sprinter in South Asia following the 2010 South Asian games (16). As time progresses, the role of women in Pakistani society, in regards to sports, increases.
In the 2,000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia, Shazia Hidayat was the only female athlete on the Pakistani team and became the second woman to ever represent Pakistan in an Olympic event (14). Another woman by the name of Sidra Sadaf was a woman cyclist who won a silver medal at the 11th South Asian Games in Dhaka, Bangladesh in January 2010 (15). Also, Naseem Hameed became the fastest woman sprinter in South Asia following the 2010 South Asian games (16). As time progresses, the role of women in Pakistani society, in regards to sports, increases.
7. Art, entertainment, and literature:
Aside from sports, Pakistani women have become involved in arts, entertainment, and literature. There are many female singers and actresses now. Nazia Hassan is the name of an iconic female Pakistani pop singer (17). Not only are the women of Pakistan able to become involved in the fields of art, entertainment, and literature, but they are capable of acquiring awards. For example, Fauzia Minallah is the first and youngest woman political cartoonist to win the All Pakistan Newspaper Society award and to win the Ron Kovic Peace prize (18). There are many Pakistani women who have become involved in literature. Bapsi Sidhwa is one of Pakistan’s most prominent English fiction writers. In 1991, she received Sitara-i-Imtiaz, which is Pakistan’s highest honor in arts (19). As time progresses, women are able to become more involved in the areas of arts, entertainment, and literature and are able to obtain awards. The role of women in Pakistani society is considerably important and valuable in these aspects.
8. Vani/Child marriages:
The reader can see how Pakistani women have increased participation in education, employment, military, sports, art, entertainment, and literature, but they remain in the same position of inequality in regards to land and property rights and dress code. When observing the treatment of women, one can conclude that Pakistani women are not always treated with respect, and abuse is more likely to be seen in Pakistan than in other countries. Thankfully, there is legislation for the protection of women. For example, on January 29, 2010, the President signed the‘Protection against the Harassment of Women at Workplace Bill 2009’. Parliament then adopted this legislation on January 21, 2010 (20).
There are several violent acts that can be witnessed in Pakistani society against the women. For example, ‘Vani’ is the name of the child marriage practice that is found in the tribal areas and the Punjab province. If there is a feud between different clans, a clan can either pay money to the other clan, called a ‘Deet’, or a young girl is married off in order to settle the feud (21). There are other customs that allow the marriage of girls in their early teenage years in the rural areas of Pakistan. In 2012, there was an extreme case in which a girl of the age of six was married off to a rival family in order to resolve the feuds between two different clans (22). The Child Marriages Restraint Act prohibits the marriage of girls under 16; however, cases of child marriage are still found (23). Child marriage is not the only occurrence in Pakistan in which the rights of women are violated.
There are several violent acts that can be witnessed in Pakistani society against the women. For example, ‘Vani’ is the name of the child marriage practice that is found in the tribal areas and the Punjab province. If there is a feud between different clans, a clan can either pay money to the other clan, called a ‘Deet’, or a young girl is married off in order to settle the feud (21). There are other customs that allow the marriage of girls in their early teenage years in the rural areas of Pakistan. In 2012, there was an extreme case in which a girl of the age of six was married off to a rival family in order to resolve the feuds between two different clans (22). The Child Marriages Restraint Act prohibits the marriage of girls under 16; however, cases of child marriage are still found (23). Child marriage is not the only occurrence in Pakistan in which the rights of women are violated.
9. Acid Throwing:
The reader is able to notice that violence against women is a major problem. The most common crimes against women are rape; however, it often goes underreported because the victim is often too ashamed to report it. Also, there are many cases of sexual harassment and acid attacks (24). Acid attacks are a major problem against Pakistani women. This violent act of acid throwing involves throwing acid onto the body of the victim “with the intention to disfigure, maim, torture, or kill” (25). Usually, sulfuric, nitric, or hydrochloric acid is used (26). The male who throws acid onto the woman will usually throw it at the victim’s face, which burns her and damages skin tissue, which then results in exposing and sometimes dissolving the bones (27). The long-term consequences include blindness, permanent scarring of the face and body, and social, psychological, and economic struggles (25).
There are many medical problems that result from this horrific mistreatment of women. This list is extensive because the acid is aimed at the face (28). Such medical damage includes, but is not limited to, damage to the skull, deafness, blindness, eating can become difficult with a shrunken and narrow mouth, limited range of motion of the neck due to scarring, respiratory problems due to the inhalation of acid vapors, septicemia, renal failure, skin depigmentation, and even death (29). Victims have higher levels of anxiety, depression, and psychological distress. Also, according to the Rosenberg scale, they have lowered self-esteem and increased self-consciousness (30). Women suffering from acid throwing find it difficult to find a husband and have a high divorce rate. They also struggle to find jobs because of their physical incapability their bodies have endured from the damage from the acid. Therefore, they suffer social and economic damage (31). There are about 150 acid throwing incidences every year (32).
There are charities, hospitals, and NGOs that are fighting this horrific crime against women. The names include the Acid Survivors Foundation, Italian Smileagain Foundation, the Depilex Smile Again Foundation, and the Baktawar Amin Memorial Trust Hospital (33). Thankfully, there are organizations that help to protect the rights of women in Pakistan.
There are many medical problems that result from this horrific mistreatment of women. This list is extensive because the acid is aimed at the face (28). Such medical damage includes, but is not limited to, damage to the skull, deafness, blindness, eating can become difficult with a shrunken and narrow mouth, limited range of motion of the neck due to scarring, respiratory problems due to the inhalation of acid vapors, septicemia, renal failure, skin depigmentation, and even death (29). Victims have higher levels of anxiety, depression, and psychological distress. Also, according to the Rosenberg scale, they have lowered self-esteem and increased self-consciousness (30). Women suffering from acid throwing find it difficult to find a husband and have a high divorce rate. They also struggle to find jobs because of their physical incapability their bodies have endured from the damage from the acid. Therefore, they suffer social and economic damage (31). There are about 150 acid throwing incidences every year (32).
There are charities, hospitals, and NGOs that are fighting this horrific crime against women. The names include the Acid Survivors Foundation, Italian Smileagain Foundation, the Depilex Smile Again Foundation, and the Baktawar Amin Memorial Trust Hospital (33). Thankfully, there are organizations that help to protect the rights of women in Pakistan.
10. Human trafficking:
Another violation of women in Pakistani society is human trafficking. Specifically, forced labor and prostitution are the largest human trafficking problems and are most commonly seen in the Punjab Sindh province. Dubai is the main destination of trafficked Pakistani women, where they are often gang raped (34). Unfortunately, the trafficking of women is on the rise in Pakistan, and Pakistan is a popular destination for trafficked women from other countries (35). Although the government of Pakistan is trying to combat human trafficking, there were no criminal convictions of trafficking offenders, and the government continues to lack adequate procedures to identify trafficking victims among vulnerable populations and protect these victims (36). Although there are federal and provincial government shelters, there are reports of women being abused in some government-run shelters. Furthermore, these shelters are not always in good conditions (36). Pakistani women’s inferiority in society can be seen by how they are treated by human traffickers.
Conclusion:
By observing the culture and the daily lives of women of Pakistan, the reader can see Pakistani women's role has increased in different aspects of society, yet these women continue to struggle for equality in the way in which they are treated. Although Pakistan is modernizing, the women of Pakistan have considerably less rights than males due to the predominantly patriarchal social hierarchy. For this very reason, they also experience mistreatment and discrimination. Even though their role in society is considerably lower than males, women's status is slowly increasing. Education is an important aspect of increasing the status of women in Pakistani society. The literacy rate of the women is considerably lower than the males, but it is also increasing which will help the economy by increasing both the labor force and productivity. Women play a very important role in regards to their contribution to labor, even though the exact percentages of how much women contribute to the economy is not certain because it is not accurately reported. Women also have an increasing importance in regards to the role they have in the military. They are able to become involved in the military and earn positions as high-ranking officers. As time progresses, they are able to contribute more. Women’s privileges in regards to property and land ownership are often violated because of male’s views of superiority that allows them to take advantage of the women; therefore, women have very few rights in this aspect of society. This is not the only aspect of society in which women have fewer rights than men. They do not have as much liberty as men do in their clothing choices and are expected to cover more of their bodies than men are required. Women have an increased participation rate in sports, arts, entertainment, and literature. Although the government is increasing its involvement to stop the violent mistreatment of women, they still face horrible violence and offenses. Such examples include vani, or child marriages, rape, sexual harassment, acid attacks, and human trafficking. Although some of the women of Pakistan face horrible and violent forms of mistreatment and endure their rights not always being protected, they are still slowly rising in status with their role in society, which is improving as time progresses; therefore, the status of women in Pakistani society increases as time progresses.
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(34) http://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/pakistani-woman-says-she-was-trafficked--gang-raped-after-juice-was-spiked-in-dubai-042513860.html Visited at 11/23/13 at 7:10 pm
(35) http://www.crvawc.ca/docs/pub_khan2001.pdf Visited at 11/24/13 at 3:00 pm
(36) http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142761.htm Visited at 11/24/13 at 4:49 pm
